Investigating the impact of time allocation on family well-being in China
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between family time allocation patterns and subjective well-being of Chinese married women. Using the fixed-effect ordered logit model and data from CFPS 2014–2018, this study empirically explores the impact mechanism and heterogeneity of family time allocation patterns on married women’s well-being. The results indicate that the mode of working full-time and handling the majority of housework is an impact negatively for women, and this result is robust. Further heterogeneity analysis reveals that market work has a weaker impact on low-educated women’s well-being than housework, but this is reversed for high-educated women. In particular, the single-time poverty brought on by housework specifically reduces women’s well-being, more than that of dual-time poverty of work time and housework time. Also, the happiness efficiency resulting from women reducing housework time will increase with the rise in happiness levels. Accordingly, this paper highlights three policy implications: enhancing happiness effectiveness, optimizing family time allocation patterns, and raising women’s status. The conclusion clarifies the path to gender equality in family labor division and provides new recommendations for relevant nations on how to promote the equalized gender division of labor and enhance the standard of living for women.
Keyword : family time allocation, women’s well-being, conventional gender norms, time poverty, happiness effectiveness, fixed-effects ordered logit model
How to Cite
Hong, Q., Jiao, X., Qiu, X., & Xu, A. (2024). Investigating the impact of time allocation on family well-being in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 25(5), 981–1005. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2024.22252
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Chapman, B., & Guven, C. (2016). Revisiting the relationship between marriage and wellbeing: Does marriage quality matter? Journal of Happiness Studies, 17, 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9607-3
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Foster, G., & Stratton, L. S. (2019). What women want (their men to do): Housework and satisfaction in Australian households. Feminist Economics, 25(3), 23–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1609692
Foster, G., & Stratton, L. S. (2018). Do significant labor market events change who does the chores? Paid work, housework, and power in mixed-gender Australian households. Journal of Population Economics, 31(2), 483–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-017-0667-7
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Hori, M., & Kamo, Y. (2018). Gender differences in happiness: The effects of marriage, social roles, and social support in East Asia. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(4), 839–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9559-y
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Lašáková, A., Vojteková, M., & Procházková, L. (2023). What (de) motivates gen Z women and gen Z men at work? Comparative study of gender differences in the young generation’s motivation. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 24(4), 771–796. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.20439
Le, A. T., & Miller, P. W. (2012). Satisfaction with time allocations within the family: The role of family type. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(4), 1273–1289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9381-z
Lee, C. F., & Tang, S. M. (2022). What type of housework happiness do you prefer? Does gender and health matter? A Taiwanese study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), Article 8409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148409
Li, G. M. (2002). Collision and integration-modern diversion and value of traditional family ethic [Doctoral dissertation, Hunan Normal University] (in Chinese).
Li, Z. W., & Feng, X. L. (2021). Does a woman’s high family status make her happier? Statistical Research, (10), 121–133 (in Chinese).
Li, Z. (2021). Does family decision-making power improve women’s happiness? Journal of Family Issues, 43(8), 2016–2039. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x211030025
Lin, B. R., & Ye, W. Z. (2015). A comparative study on gender equality consciousness of men and women – a case study of Southern Fujian. Journal of Fujian Provincial Committee Party School of CPC, (11), 66–73 (in Chinese).
Liu, A. Y., & Tong, X. (2014). The present situation of gender attitudes and the factors influencing them: Based on the third survey of women’s social status in China. Social Sciences in China, (2), 116–129 + 206–207 (in Chinese).
Liu, Y. C., & Hu, J. M. (2022). The influence of labor mobility on family happiness – Based on CFPS panel data of three periods. Journal of Changjiang University (Social Science Edition), (6), 105–114 (in Chinese).
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (1993). Separate spheres bargaining and the marriage market. Journal of Political Economy, 101(6), 988–1010. https://doi.org/10.1086/261912
Mesaric, R., Mondal, A., Asmussen, K., Molloy, J., Bhat, C. R., & Axhausen, K. W. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on activity time use and timing behavior in Switzerland. Transportation Research Record. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221087233
Mo, X., & Yang, Y. X. (2018). Subjective well-being of floating population from the perspective of stratified heterogeneity-empirical analysis based on hierarchical ranking model. Journal of Social Sciences of Hunan Normal University, (3), 91–98 (in Chinese).
Mogilner, C., & Norton, M. I. (2016). Time, money, and happiness. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.018
Muñoz-Comet, J., & Steinmetz, S. (2020). Trapped in precariousness? Risks and opportunities of female immigrants and natives transitioning from part-time jobs in Spain. Work, Employment and Society, 34(5), 749–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020902974
Navarro, M., & Salverda, W. (2019). Earner position and job and life satisfaction: Do contributions to the household income have the same effect by gender and occupations? Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 2227–2250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0045-5
OECD. (2021). OECD family database. https://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm
Okulicz-Kozaryn, A., & da Rocha Valente, R. (2017). Life satisfaction of career women and housewives. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 13(3), 603–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9547-2
Onozaka, Y., & Hafzi, K. (2019). Household production in an egalitarian society. Social Forces, 97(3), 1127–1154. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy066
Qing, S. S. (2019). Social-cultural roots of gender income difference in China: Evidence from the gender role attitudes. Sociological Studies, (1), 106–131+244 (in Chinese).
Salland, J. (2018). Income comparison, gender roles and life satisfaction. Applied Economics Letters, 25(20), 1436–1439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2018.1430305
Shi, H. M. (2006). The study on married women’s time allocation [Doctoral dissertation, Xiamen University] (in Chinese).
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). The World’s women 2020: Trends and statistics. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/desa/world’s-women-2020
Valente, R. R., & Berry, B. J. L. (2017). Acculturation of immigrant Latinos into the US workplace: Evidence from the working hours-life satisfaction relationship. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(2), 451–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9471-x
Varshney, D. (2019). The strides of the Saudi female workforce: Overcoming constraints and contradictions in transition. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(2), 359–372. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss2/24
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