Soft system methodology approach: tourism conceptual model as the identity of Bandung, Indonesia
Abstract
The Indonesian tourism sector has become one of government’s focus points because of its significant contribution to economic development on all levels, district/city, province, or national. As an Indonesian city, Bandung has a lot of tourism potential with its local cultural diversity. The purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual model design of tourism, especially in Bandung city as one of the cultural identity cities in West Java. A system thinking approach with qualitative analysis, known as the Soft System Methodology (SSM), is used in this research. Qualitative data collection techniques were carried out by a purposive sampling technique which was obtained from the results of in-depth interviews with stakeholders that included academics, representatives of the government, communities, and businesspeople in the tourism sector. The result of this research is a conceptual model design for Bandung city tourism as the identity of a cultural city, called as Sunda Culture Center (Sunda Centrum).
Keyword : conceptual model, local culture, soft system methodology, stakeholders, Sunda centrum, tourism
How to Cite
Aldianto, L., Novani, S., Anggadwita, G., Budi, A. A., & Wirawan, C. (2020). Soft system methodology approach: tourism conceptual model as the identity of Bandung, Indonesia. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 282-292. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11038
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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McLellan, E., MacQueen, K. M., & Neidig, J. L. (2003). Beyond the qualitative interview: Data preparation and transcription. Field methods, 15(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239573
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Przeclawski, K. (1993). Tourism as the subject of interdisciplinary research. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. Routledge, London.
Reynolds, M., & Holwell, S. (Eds.). (2010). Systems approaches to managing change: a practical guide. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-809-4
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931–1951. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000256323
Sanchez, A., & Mejía, A. (2008). Learning to support learning together: an experience with the soft systems methodology. Educational Action Research, 16(1), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650790701833154
Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline, the art and practice of the learning organization. New York, NY: Doubleday/Currency.
Silwan, A. (2012). Aggressive behavior pattern, characteristics and fanaticism Panser Biru Group PSIS Semarang. Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 1(2012), 26–35.
Sinn, J. S. (1998). A comparison of interactive planning and soft systems methodology: enhancing the complementarist position. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 11(4), 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023098025076
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Warwick, J. (2008). A case study using soft systems methodology in the evolution of a mathematics module. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 5(2), 269-290.
West Java Statistic Center. (2018a). Sosial dan Kependudukan: Geografi dan Kependudukan. https://jabar.bps.go.id/
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World Travel & Tourism Council. (2018). Global Tourism Rankings 2018. World Travel & Tourism Council, London, United Kingdom.
World Travel & Tourism Council. (2019). Indonesian Travel & Tourism growing twice as fast as global average. https://www.wttc.org/about/media-centre/press-releases/press-releases/2019/indonesian-travel-and-tourism-growing-twice-as-fast-as-global-average/
Wilson, B. (2001). Soft systems methodology conceptual model building and its contribution. Wiley.
Aldianto, L., Budi, A. A., Anggadwita, G., Novani, S., & Wirawan, C. (2019). City branding vs. cultural branding: towards a theoritical for developing bandung identity. Kinerja, 23(1), 42–53.
Ashworth, G. J. (2000). Heritage, tourism and places: A review. Tourism Recreation Research, 25(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2000.11014897
Bayliss, D. (2007). The rise of the creative city: culture and creativity in Copenhagen. European Planning Studies, 15(7), 889–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310701356183
Bergvall-Karebor, B. (2002). Qualifying function in SSM modelling – a case study. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 15(4), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016396304746
Berita Satu. (2016). Kemenpar Umumkan Top 10 Kota Berdaya Saing Pariwisata. https://www.beritasatu.com/food-travel/403513-kemenpar-umumkan-top-10-kota-berdaya-saing-pariwisata.html
Burge, S. (2015). System thinking: approaches and methodologies an overview of the soft systems methodology (pp. 1–14). Burge Hughes Walsh.
Checkland, P. B. (2000). Soft systems methodology: a thirty year retrospective. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17(S1), S11–S58.
Checkland, P. B., & Poulter, J. (2006). Learning for action: a short definitive account of soft systems methodology and its use, for practitioners, teachers and students. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1743(200011)17:1+<::AID-SRES374>3.0.CO;2-O
Checkland, P. B., & Scholes, J. (1990). Techniques in soft systems practice. Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, 17, 39–43.
Díaz-Parra, O., Ruiz-Vanoye, J. A., Barrera-Cámara, R. A., Fuentes-Penna, A., & Sandoval, N. (2014). Soft systems methodology for the strategic planning of the enterprise computer security. International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics, 5(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/848129
Firman, T. (2009, July). Decentralization reform and local‐government proliferation in Indonesia: Towards a fragmentation of regional development. In Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies: Journal of the Applied Regional Science Conference, 21(2–3), 143–157. Melbourne, Australia: Blackwell Publishing Asia. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940X.2010.00165.x
Flood, R. L. (2010). The relationship of “systems thinking” to action research. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 23(4), 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-010-9169-1
Fotiades, A. (2009). Sustainable tourism development and Hotel SME’s in Pieria. Diplomatic at HOU Patras.
Hall, D. (2004). Rural tourism development in Southeastern Europe: Transition and the search for sustainability. Interna-tional Journal of Tourism Research, 6(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.482
Hardjosoekarto, S. (2012). Soft systems methodology: metode serba sistem lunak. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, UI-Press.
Heriyanto, R. (2015). Puluhan Seni Tradisional Terancam Punah. http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/seni-budaya/2015/11/22/ 350806/puluhan-seni-tradisional-terancam-punah
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014
Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Ekonomi dan Perdagangan: Pariwisata. https://www.bps.go.id/
Jeppesen, S. L. (2009, July). Decision Simulation Technique (DST) as a scanning tool for exploring and explicating sustainability issues in transport decision making. In Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the ISSS-2009, 1(1). Brisbane, Australia.
Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., & Williams, D. R. (1997). A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 36(2), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759703600202
Khisty, C. J. (1995). Soft-systems methodology as learning and management tool. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 121(3), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(1995)121:3(91)
Kumar, R., & Worm, V. (2003). Social capital and the dynamics of business negotiations between the northern Europeans and the Chinese. International Marketing Review, 20(3), 262–285. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330310477594
Lickorish, L. J., & Jenkins, C. L. (1997). Introduction to tourism. Routledge.
Luckett, S., Ngubane, S., & Memela, B. (2001). Designing a management system for a rural community development organization using a systemic action research process. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 14(4), 517–542. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011360204102
Maani, K. E., & Cavana, R. Y. (2000). Systems thinking and modelling: Understanding change and complexity. Prentice hall.
McLellan, E., MacQueen, K. M., & Neidig, J. L. (2003). Beyond the qualitative interview: Data preparation and transcription. Field methods, 15(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X02239573
Mehregan, M. R., Hosseinzadeh, M., & Kazemi, A. (2012). An application of soft system methodology. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 41, 426–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.051
Nunkoo, R., & Gursoy, D. (2012). Residents’ support for tourism: An identity perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.05.006
Ponzini, D., & Rossi, U. (2010). Becoming a creative city: the entrepreneurial mayor, network politics and the promise of an urban renaissance. Urban Studies, 47(5), 1037–1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009353073
PPID Bandung City. (2013). Renstra Disbudpar Kota Bandung 2013–2018. Pejabat Pengelola Informasi dan Dokumentasi, Bandung, Indonesia.
Proches, C. N. G., & Bodhanya, S. (2015). An application of soft systems methodology in the sugar industry. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691501400101
Przeclawski, K. (1993). Tourism as the subject of interdisciplinary research. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. Routledge, London.
Reynolds, M., & Holwell, S. (Eds.). (2010). Systems approaches to managing change: a practical guide. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-809-4
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931–1951. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000256323
Sanchez, A., & Mejía, A. (2008). Learning to support learning together: an experience with the soft systems methodology. Educational Action Research, 16(1), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650790701833154
Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline, the art and practice of the learning organization. New York, NY: Doubleday/Currency.
Silwan, A. (2012). Aggressive behavior pattern, characteristics and fanaticism Panser Biru Group PSIS Semarang. Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 1(2012), 26–35.
Sinn, J. S. (1998). A comparison of interactive planning and soft systems methodology: enhancing the complementarist position. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 11(4), 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023098025076
Sugiarsono, J. (2009). City branding Bukan Sekedar membuat Logo dan Slogan. Majalah SWA. Jakarta.
Sunaryadi, Y. (2010). Analisis Perilaku Kekerasan Penonton Sepakbola (Studi Kasus Penonton Sepakbola di Bandung). file.upi.edu, 1–24.
Smith, V. L. (1989). Eskimo tourism: micro-models and marginal men. Eskimo tourism: micro-models and marginal men (Ed. 2) (pp. 55–82). University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania, USA.
Tarigan, A. K., Sagala, S., Samsura, D. A. A., Fiisabiilillah, D. F., Simarmata, H. A., & Nababan, M. (2016). Bandung City, Indonesia. Cities, 50, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.09.005
UNWTO. (2008). Climate change and tourism responding to global challenges. World Tourism Organization, Madrid, Spain.
Voskuil, R. P. G. A. (2007). Bandung, Citra Sebuah Kota (Bandung, image of a city). Department of City and Regional Planning, Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung and PT. Jaggadhita.
Wahab, S. (2003). Industri Pariwisata dan Peluang Kesempatan Kerja. Jakarta: PT. Pertja Jakarta.
Warwick, J. (2008). A case study using soft systems methodology in the evolution of a mathematics module. The Mathematics Enthusiast, 5(2), 269-290.
West Java Statistic Center. (2018a). Sosial dan Kependudukan: Geografi dan Kependudukan. https://jabar.bps.go.id/
West Java Statistic Center. (2018b). Ekonomi dan Perdagangan: Pariwisata. https://jabar.bps.go.id/
World Economic Forum. (2017). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017. World Economic Forum, Geneva.
World Travel & Tourism Council. (2018). Global Tourism Rankings 2018. World Travel & Tourism Council, London, United Kingdom.
World Travel & Tourism Council. (2019). Indonesian Travel & Tourism growing twice as fast as global average. https://www.wttc.org/about/media-centre/press-releases/press-releases/2019/indonesian-travel-and-tourism-growing-twice-as-fast-as-global-average/
Wilson, B. (2001). Soft systems methodology conceptual model building and its contribution. Wiley.